Cholera - An Introductory Part

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Some strains of the bacteria Vibrio cholerae cause the small intestine to become infected, resulting in cholera. The severity of the symptoms might range from none to severe. Extremely contagious cholera can result in severe acute watery diarrhea. After consuming infected food or drink, symptoms don't usually appear for 12 to 5 days. If left untreated, cholera can kill both adults and children within hours.  

A cholera epidemic or endemic can occur. An place is considered to be cholera-endemic if it has had confirmed cases of the disease within the previous three years and there is proof of local transmission (meaning the cases are not imported from elsewhere). Both endemic and non-endemic cholera countries can experience an outbreak or epidemic of the disease. 

Transmission of cholera is strongly correlated with a lack of access to sanitary facilities and clean water. Peri-urban slums and camps for internally displaced people or refugees are examples of typical at-risk places where the minimum standards for clean water and sanitation are not being maintained. 

Should the bacterium be present or introduced, the effects of a humanitarian crisis, such as the destruction of water and sanitation systems or the migration of populations into insufficient and crowded camps, might raise the likelihood of cholera transmission.
Epidemics have never been attributed to uncontaminated dead remains. 

Prevention and Control

To control cholera and lower mortality rates, a diversified strategy is essential.
Oral cholera vaccinations are used in conjunction with surveillance, access to clean water and sanitation, social mobilization, and treatment. 

Water and Sanitation Intervention

Economic growth, universal access to clean water, and proper sanitation are the long-term answers to cholera control. Implementing customized long-term sustainable WASH solutions to guarantee the use of safe water, fundamental sanitation, and good hygiene habits in cholera hotspots is one of the actions aimed at improving the environment.
Such initiatives help achieve objectives for reducing poverty, hunger, and illiteracy in addition to preventing cholera and a wide range of other water-borne diseases. 

Treatment

The disease cholera is easily curable. Most patients can be successfully treated with immediate oral rehydration solution treatment (ORS). One litre (L) of clean water is used to dissolve the WHO/UNICEF ORS standard sachet. For the first day's treatment of moderate dehydration in adult patients, up to 6 L of ORS may be needed. 

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